Course Content
Aim, objective and role of veterinary public health
0/5
Introduction
Aim of veterinary public health
Scope of Veterinary Public Health
Objectives of veterinary public health
Role of Veterinary Public Health
Meat hygiene in relation to public health
0/4
Introduction
Microbial flora of meat and meat products
Some common Gram-positive bacteria that affects meat
Some common Gram positive bacteria that affects meat
Sources of bacterial contamination of raw meat and method of control
0/5
Introduction
Sources of microorganisms
Methods of Reducing Contamination during Slaughtering
Methods of Reducing Post-slaughtering Contamination
Meat quality parameters
General principles and objectives of meat inspection
0/4
Introduction
Ante mortem inspection
Postmortem inspection
Objectives of Meat Inspection
Different components and management aspects of abattoir
0/3
Introduction
Site selection
Components of slaughterhouse
Methods of slaughter
0/3
Introduction
Types of stunning
Killing
Conditions detected at meat inspection and judgement
0/2
Introduction
Acute and chronic conditions
Characteristics and differentiation of meats of different food animals
0/2
Introduction
Differentiation techniques of meat of different animals
Emergency slaughter
0/2
Introduction
Methods of slaughter
Disposal of unsound meat
0/3
Introduction
Various Methods of Disposal of Unsound Meat and Carcass
Disinfection of Premises
Principles of meat preservation
0/3
Introduction
Factors that affect microbial growth
Principles of preservation
Meat borne diseases and method of control
0/9
Introduction
Meat borne Bacterial diseases
Other pathogens
Meat borne Viral diseases
Meat borne Prion disease
Meat borne Parasitic disease
Methods of control of meat borne diseases
Microbial spoilage
Testing
Duties of a meat inspector
0/1
Introduction
Learn Meat Inspection with Anusha
About Lesson

Meat borne Viral diseases

 

Nipah viral disease

Nipah virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (such as bats or pigs), or contaminated foods and can also be transmitted directly from human-to-human. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of Nipah virus. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis.There is no treatment or vaccine available for either people or animals.

 

Norovirus Infection

Norovirus is Single stranded RNA virus. It survives at a pH of 2.7 for 3 hours; at 60°C for 30 minutes. It can be recovered from dry surfaces for 30 days at 20°C but less than 1 day at 37°C. Generally associated with shellfish. The common symptoms seen in children are diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, body pain (muscles) and headache. This disease is usually self limiting.

 

Hepatitis A

It is caused by Hepatitis A virus. The disease is generally transmitted by contaminated water and foods contaminated with human faeces. Aerosol infection is also reported. Faeces is the main soruce of contamination. If infection occurs in children; they gain lasting immunity. Increased living standard helps reducing the infection.

 

Highly pathogenic avian influenza

The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) form of avian influenza is far more dramatic than low pathogenic avian influenza. It spreads very rapidly through poultry flocks, causes disease affecting multiple internal organs, and has a mortality that can approach 100%, often within 48 hours. Currently only some strains of viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form of the disease in poultry. Direct contact with infected poultry, or surfaces and objects contaminated by their faeces, is presently considered the main route of human infection. To date, most human cases have occurred in rural or periurban areas where many households keep small poultry flocks, which often roam freely, sometimes entering homes or sharing outdoor areas where children play. As infected birds shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, opportunities for exposure to infected droppings or to environments contaminated by the virus are abundant under such conditions. Moreover, because households in many countries depend on poultry for income and food, many families sell or slaughter and consume birds when signs of illness appear in a flock, and this practice has proved difficult to change. Exposure is considered most likely during slaughter, defeathering, butchering, and preparation of poultry for cooking.

 

Swine influenza

Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common but people who work with swine, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic infection.   Typically, the first infected human transmits the infectious agent to at least one other human, who, in turn, infects others. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness, shortness of breath, and general discomfort.

 

Rift valley fever

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis that primarily affects animals but also has the capacity to infect humans. Infection can cause severe disease in both animals and humans. The majority of human infections result from direct or indirect contact with the blood or organs of infected animals. The virus can be transmitted to humans through the handling of animal tissue during slaughtering or butchering, assisting with animal births, conducting veterinary procedures, or from the disposal of carcasses or fetuses. There is some evidence that humans may become infected with RVF by ingesting the unpasteurized or uncooked milk of infected animals.

Clinical features of the mild form of RVF in humans can have no detectable symptoms or develop a mild form of the disease characterized by a feverish syndrome with sudden onset of flu-like fever, muscle pain, joint pain and headache.

Severe form of RVF in humans appears as 1 or more of 3 distinct syndromes: ocular disease (0.5–2% of patients), meningoencephalitis (less than 1% of patients) or haemorrhagic fever (less than 1% of patients).

In ocular form the usual symptoms associated with the mild form of the disease are accompanied by retinal lesions. . Patients usually report blurred or decreased vision or some patients will experience a permanent loss of vision.

In Meningoencephalitis form, clinical features include intense headache, loss of memory, hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, vertigo, convulsions, lethargy and coma. 

In Haemorrhagic fever form the symptoms of this form of the disease appear 2–4 days after the onset of illness, and begin with evidence of severe liver impairment, such as jaundice. Subsequently signs of haemorrhage then appear such as vomiting blood, passing blood in the faeces, a purpuric rash or ecchymoses, bleeding from the nose or gums, menorrhagia and bleeding from venepuncture sites.

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