Course Content
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract: Monogastric and Ruminants
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Digestive tract of Monogastric:
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract of Ruminants
Prehension, Mastication, Deglutition Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine, Mastication and defecation.
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Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Rumination:
Defecation
Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Saliva (composition, secretion, function) Pancreatic/bile/intestinal juice- regulation, composition and function
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Saliva
Pancreatic Juice
Bile juice
Intestinal Juice
Digestion in ruminant stomach, microbial activities in stomach and intestine
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Digestion in ruminants
Microbial activities in intestine and stomach
Absorption of food stuffs, Place of absorption, Mechanism of Absorption, Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat and Waters.
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Absorption
Digestion in poultry
0/1
Introduction
Kidney: Structure of Nephron, Histological peculiarities, blood supply of kidney
0/2
Nephron
Blood supply of kidney
Methods of studying Renal function, mechanism of urine formation, micturition
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Methods of studying renal function
Mechanism of urine formation
Micturition
Physical characteristics and composition of urine in health and diseases
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Physical characteristics
Composition of urine
Role of kidney in acid base balance and electrolyte balance
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Acid base balance
Electrolyte Balance
Excretion of urine in birds
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Introduction
Types of NEPHRON present
Skin: function, sebaceous and sweat glands and their functions, thermoregulation, maintenance of body temperature
0/2
Skin
Thermoregulation
Nervous system; neurons, structure of nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
0/6
Synapse and transmission of nerve impulse, all or none character of nerve impulse, transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effectors tissue
Degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibre
Nerve injury
Transmission of nerve impulse through synapse
All or none character of impulse
Transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effector tissue
Cutaneous receptor organs, Peripheral nerves, Spinal cord and reflex action
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Cutaneous receptor organs
Spinal cord and reflex action
Reflex action
Peripheral nerves
Brain stem and cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Conditioned reflex, Wakefulness and sleep
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Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Conditioned reflex
Wakefulness and sleep
Autonomic nervous system, general arrangement and chemical transmission
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Autonomic nervous system
Eye and Ear
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Structure of eye  
Protection mechanism of eye
Visual accommodation and defective vision
Retina and its structure
Physiological and structural change in retina on response to light
Structure of ear
External ear
Mechanism of hearing
Physiology of olfaction
Physiology of taste
Pathway for taste sensation
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Introduction

Urination process in birds is different from other animals

  • Organ involved in excretion of urine are kidney, ureter and cloaca. Bladder is absent.
  • From kidney urine is passed into ureter and then into cloaca. From here through peristalsis urine is passed into colon where almost water gets reabsorbed and finally paste like urine with low water and high uric acid is released.

 

Mechanism of urine excretion in birds

  1. Glomerular filtration
  • Blood get filtered in glomerulus and glomerulus filtrate enter the PCT. Filtrate contain waste products as well as harmful contents.

 

  1. Reabsorption
  • Absorption of useful materials from filtrate into blood.

   In most of the PCT and collecting tubule reabsorption takes place. Water, amino acids, salts, glucose get reabsorbed into blood.

 

  1. Secretion
  • Release of harmful substances from lining cell to filtrate.

    Toxins substances are released into blood. Similarly, it helps in maintaining acid base balance and electrolyte balance

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