EXOPTERYGOTA (Simple body change during growth)

• EXOPTERYGOTA includes 16 insect orders

1. Order: Ephemeroptera (Ephemero: living for a day, ptera: wing)

Example: Mayflies

Characteristics:

• Fragile insects with two pairs of wings: a triangular front pair and a rounded rear pair.
• The nymphs are aquatic, with tracheal gills.
• In many species, adults die within hours or days after reaching maturity.

2. Order: Odonata (Odon: a tooth, toothed flies)

Example: Dragonflies, damselflies

Characteristics:

• Characterized by short antennae and inconspicuous
• Four large net- veined, membranous wings and large head with large protruding eyes and long,
• slender bodies
• Mouth parts are well developed chewing type, nymphs are aquatic

3. Order: Orthoptera (Straight wings)

Example: Grasshoppers, crickets

Characteristics:

• High-jumping insects, most of which can use their forewings to produce sounds.
• Chewing mouth parts
• The fore wings are modified into tegmina; hind wings membranous
• Cerci present.

4. Order: Phasmatodea (Like a ghost)

Example: Walkingsticks

Characteristics:

• Includes both stick-insects, which resemble sticks, and leaf- insects, which look like leaves.
• Living in dense shrubbery in tropical regions, these insects are primarily vegetarian.

5. Order: Grylloblattaria

Example: Rock crawlers, ice insects

Characteristics:

• Confined to cooler regions,
• Eyes absent or reduced, ocelli abscent
• Mouth parts mandibulate
• Male genitalia asymmetrical
• Ovipositor well developed

6. Order: Mantophasmatodea

Example: Gladiators

Characteristics

• Antennae slender, filiform.
• Mouthparts mandibulate, hypognathous.
• Body cylindrical.
• Tarsi 5-segmented.
• Secondarily wingless.
• Cerci short, one-segmented.

7. Order: Dermaptera

Example: Earwigs

Characteristics:

• Characterized by large, delicate wings
• Cerci modified into a pincers
• Omnivorous, nocturanal
• The common earwig is often found in gardens, where it feeds on wastes.

8. Order: Plecoptera

Example: Stoneflies

Characteristics:

• Ancient group of insects whose early stages occur in water.
• Adults commonly have delicate, transparent wings and long antennae.

9. Order: Embioptera

Example:Web-spinners

Characteristics:

• Small insects that live communally and are most common in the tropics.
• Male winged, female wingless
• Silk glands and spinnig haris on first segment of front tarsus
• Construct silk-lined tunnels and webs beneath stones and in the soil.

10. Order: Zoraptera

Example: Angel wings

Characteristics:

• Extremely small insects found in warm, humid climates, often in decaying wood.
• Both winged and wingless forms may occur in the same species.

11. Order: Isoptera (equal wings)

Example: Termites

Characteristics:

• Social, nest-building insects with soft, whitish or colorless bodies and strong biting mouthparts.
• Also called white ants because of color and social habits
• Bears a pair of cerci
• Nest populations range from a few dozen members to hundreds of thousands
• Only kings and queen reproduce and are winged

12. Order: Mantodea (like a prophet)

Example: Praying mantids

Characteristics:

• Elongated body
• Raptorial front legs with one or two rows of spines
• 2 pairs of wings, both of which are used in flight.
• Although some species have reduced wings and others are wingless
• Forewings protectively hardened to cover the membranous hind wings when at rest
• Very mobile triangular shaped head with distinctive ocelli, large compound eyes
• Short to medium sized filiform antennae

13. Order: Blattodea (Insect avoiding light)

Example: Cockroaches

Characteristics:

• Mostly nocturnal insect, with biting mouthparts and legs that are adapted for swift running.
• The body is oval and dorsoventrally flattened, allowing the animals to hide in narrow spaces,
• for example under bark or in crevices of trees and rocks.

14. Order: Homoptera

Example: True bugs

Characteristics:

• Characterized by sucking mouthparts used for feeding on plants and animals tissues.

15. Order: Hemiptera (half wings)

Example: Bedbugs, aphids, cicadas, True bugs

Characteristics:

• Characterized by sucking mouthparts used for feeding on either plant or animal tissues.
• (Homoptera is merged in Hemiptera)

16. Order: Thysanoptera

Example: Thrips

Characteristics:

• Minute insects with a fringe of fine hairs bordering each edge of their wings.
• Sometimes called thunder-flies because they are particularly active in summer thunderstorms.

17. Order: Psocoptera

Example: Book-louse, Barklice, barkflies, or booklice

Characteristics:

• (Psocoptera) are minute insects that live hidden away under bark, in leaf litter, or sometimes in your old books.
• Both adults and larvae can spin silk

18. Order: Phthiraptera (Louse wings)

Example: Chewing lice and sucking lice

Characteristics:

• Small, wingless insects, permanently parasitic on mammals and birds.
• Minute, wingless insects with mouthparts adapted for chewing and sucking
• Tiny insects similar to biting lice, except that mouthparts are adapted for sucking.
• Found in the skin of birds and mammals, they contribute to the spread of some diseases, including typhus fever.