General principles of plant disease management

1. Avoidance: Avoiding disease by planting at times when, or in areas where, inoculum is ineffective due to environmental conditions, or is rare or absent

2. Exclusion of inoculum: Preventing the inoculum from entering or establishing in the field or area where it does not exist

3. Eradication: Reducing, inactivating, eliminating or destroying inoculum at the source, either from a region or from an individual plant in which it is already established

4. Protection: Preventing infection by creating a chemical toxic barrier between the plant surface and the pathogen

5. Disease resistance (Immunization): Preventing infection or reducing effect of infection by managing the host through improvement of resistance in it by genetic manipulation or by chemical therapy.