Polar and Non-polar solvents

1. Polars: Glucose, Glycine, Aspartate, lactate, NH₃, H₂O.
2. Non-polars : wax, CO₂, O₂ , N₂.

Buffers

a) Phosphate buffer system: acts in cytoplasm

b) Bicarbonate buffer system: removal of CO₂.

c) Protein buffer system: Important in plasma and intercellular fluids.

d) Amino acid buffer system: Operate in human

e) Hemoglobin buffer system: Involved in buffering CO₂ inside erythrocytes.