ANF group

ANF classes

Feed ingredients

Harmful effect

Corrective Measures

Protein inhibitor

Protease inhibitor (trypsin and chymotrypsin)

Most legumes, Soyabean meal

·        Inhibit proteolytic enzyme, pancreatic hypertrophy

·        Increase the requirement of Sulphur containing amino acid

Heat Treatment

Lectins/ Hematoglutinins (Ricin, Abrin and Modeccin)

Most legume seed

·        Agglutination of RBC

·        Reduce the absorption of nutrient in gut

Moist heating

Mimosine (Toxic amino acid)

Ipil-Ipil

·        Enlargement of thyroid gland

Drying and ensiling

Food allergen (β-glycine, β-conglycine)

Soyabean meal

·        G.I hypersensitivity reaction, digestive disturbances

Heating

Glycosides

Goiterogens

Crucifer plant, rape seed and mustard seed

·        Bind with iodine, reduce growth

Additional supplement of iodine

Cyanogens

Cassava, lineseed, chick pea and pigeon pea

·        Reduce O_2­ carrying capacity and inactivate cytochrome oxidase

Drying reduce enzyme responsibie for converting toxic compound.

Saponins

Soyabean meal, Groundnut, lupin, sunflower, alfa-alfa

·        Interfere with absorption of lipid, cholesterol, bile acid

·        Hemolyze RBC

Extraction with hot water or ethanol

Estrogens

Crucifer plant, rapeseed, mustard seed

–

Additional supplement of iodine

Phenols

Gossypol

Cotton seed

·        Liver and kidney abnormality

·        Reduction in Hb, hematocrit and plasma protein

·        Formation of complex with iron, protein

Cooked with small amount of calcium and iron salt

Tannin

Mustard oil cake, sorghum, seed meal, mango seed kernel

·        Bind with enzymes or feed components like protein or minerals

Soaking and cooking

Supplementation of methyl donor such as choline, methionine

Microbial toxin

Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Slaframine and Citrinin

Oilseed, Maize

·        Carcinogenic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic

·        Poor growth

·        Decreased immune response

Monomethylation, ammonization

Antivitamin

Lipoxidase/Antivitamin A

Raw soyabean

·        Destroy vit. A

Heating

Antivitamin D

Raw soyabean

·        Destroy vit.D

Heating

Antivitamin B₆

Lineseed

·        Destroy vit. B₆

Antivitamin B₃

Maize and wheat bran

·        Destroy vit. B₃

Antienzymes

Cholinesterase inhibitor

Potato

·        Inhibit enzyme activity

Heating

α- amylase inhibitor

Wheat, Oats and Rye

·        Destroy vit. D

Arginase inhibitor

Sunflower seed

·        Destroy vit.B₆

Miscellaneous

Phytic acid

Leaf meal

·        Binds with minerals like P, Ca, Zn, Mg and make them unavailable

Autoclaving supplementation of phytase enzyme

Oxalates

Leaves of plant

·        Bind with calcium and make them insoluble

Supplementation of calcium

Alkaloids (Vicine, convicine, Nicotine)

Found in rye grass, plant

·        Interfere with nerve functions

Oligosaccharide non-starch polysaccharide

Grain legumes and cereals

·        Binding to bile acid, obstructing action against digestive enzyme

Steam cooking

Oxycarotenoid (Zeaxanthin, lutein)

Corn gluten meal

·        Give yellow color to white muscle

Bleaching

Cyclopropene

Cotton seed oil meal

·        Inhibition of desaturase

Lipid extraction

Erucic acid

Rape seed

·        Cardiac toxicity and necrosis of muscle

Lipid extraction

Animal product origin

Thiaminase

Raw fish, more specifically fresh water fishes

·        Hydrolyze thiamine

Deactivated by heating

Histamine

Fish meal due to improper storage

·        Food poisoning

Proper storage

Gizzerosine

Fish meal

·        Gizzard erosion

Donot heat fish meal more than 90°C

Peroxidised lipid

Raw material

·        Free radical toxic compound

Proper storage, supplementation of antioxidants

Avidine

Raw egg white

·        Bind with biotin and inactivate

Heating

Prion (Pathogen)

Meat and bone meal

·        BSE

Proper heating