Some Key points to remember

• Initiation of livestock breeding and improvement program started in 1952 ( 2008 B.S.)
• After birth, the membrane which cover the young one is called placenta.
• Dysgenesis: Defect in breeding so that hybrids can’t mate between themselves but may produce offspring with members of either family of their parents.
• Offspring’s of hybrids are sterile.
• Flushing: Feeding female prior to breeding season, to ensure higher rate of conception.
• Small amount of urine from test animal is injected into female rabbit blood stream to test pregnancy : Friedman test.
• Heterosis: Hybrid vigour
• Monoparous: Animal producing only one offspring at each pregnancy.
• Non-descript: animal of inferior quality that can’t belong to a specific breed.
• Parous: Term referring to female having produced one or more young.
• Springer: Female showing advanced signs of pregnancy.
• Stud: Animal kept for breeding purpose.
• Teaser: A male made incapable of breeding by vasectomy.
• Cryptorchidism: Undescended condition of testes into the scrotal sac also animals are called cryptorchids or rigs.
• Improtentia coeundi: failure of retractor penis muscles to relax and to allow the penis to extend from the sheath.
• Free martin: Female calf born twin with the male calf having undeveloped reproductive organ so sterile ( 91% cases)
• Ovulation: Controlled by LH hormone. In cow, occurs more frequently in right ovary than in left ovary.
• Distrum or diestrum:Also described as pseudo-pregnant period.
• Compound used for synchronizing estrus and ovulation : Prostaglandins and progesterone.
• Artificial vagina collector should be held in an angle of 45⁰ to ground.
• Penicillin , Streptomycin , Polymycin B is used to enhance keeping quality of semen.
• Glycerol: cryoprotective agent for bull semen.
• For sex limited traits, milk and egg production isn’t applicable; family selection ( pedigree or collateral selection) is preferred.
• Roughages : > 18% CF and < 60% TDN
• Concentrate: < 18% CF and > 60% TDN
• Barseem and cow pea is difficult to convert into hay because barseem have hollow stem and cow pea have thick stem.
• CP = N content in feed stuff x 6.25
• Crude fiber: Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and mucilage.
• TDN = % digestible protein + 5 digestible NEF + % digestible CF + % digestible EE x 2.25
• Dry roughages have 10-15 % moisture and succulent have 60-90% moisture content.
• Semi-essential amino acids include cysteine, cystine, tyrosine and phenylalanine.
• Macro essential nutrients include Ca , Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, S.
• Micro essential nutrients include Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Zn,.
• Saliva production in cow is about 100-200 liter/day.
• Reticulum is also known as honey comb.
• Rumen is the largest compartment.
• Omasum contains vela terminalia. Its primary function is to remove water by 50%.
• Abomasum is the true stomach.
• Mulberry shaped heart in pig is due to deficiency of Se and Vit. E.
• 3 days sickness (Emphemeral fever) is caused by Rhodo virus is beef cattle.
• Se deficiency cause white muscle disease and P deficiency cause Pica disease.