About Lesson
Missing information
When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.
Missing element |
What to do |
Parenthetical citation |
Author |
Use the source title. |
(Source Title, 2020) |
Date |
Write “n.d.” for “no date” |
(Smith, n.d.) |
Page number |
Either use an alternative locator or
omit the page number |
(Smith, 2020, Chapter 3) or
(Smith, 2020) |
Format the title in the same way as in the corresponding reference entry (either italicized or, if the title in the reference entry is not italicized, placed in quotation marks). Use title case capitalization. For court cases, use italics in the in-text citation but not in the reference entry.