Introduction
- Soil forms through weathering of rocks and organic matter decomposition.
- The regolith (unconsolidated layer above bedrock) varies in thickness and composition.
- The solum (A, E, B horizons) supports plant growth with humus and clay from decomposed minerals.
- Pedons (small soil units) combine to form polypedons and soil individuals.
- Weathering (destructive) and synthesis (constructive) processes create distinct soil horizons.
Soil Composition:
Air: 20–30%
Water: 20–30%
Minerals: 45%
Organic Matter: 5%
Soil serves as a natural laboratory with diverse organisms like bacteria, fungi, and plant roots altering its structure over time.